This analysis presents a comprehensive overview of algae-based biofuel technologies as a key pathway toward achieving global low-carbon and circular energy goals. It explores the integration of biochemical and thermochemical conversion routes, including transesterification, fermentation, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, gasification, and anaerobic digestion, to transform algal biomass into sustainable fuels such as biodiesel, biogas, bio-oil, and renewable hydrogen. It also explores recent advancements to increase product yield.
•    What are the major algal biofuel pathways based on energy efficiency, carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation potential, process scalability, and downstream integration?
•    Which technology developers, biorefinery operators, and research collaborations are driving growth, process optimization, and commercialization?
•    How are emerging patents, funding programs, policy frameworks, and new growth opportunities supporting algae-to-fuel development and deployment?